Iran’s trade routes are tightening one by one; from a fourfold increase in the cost of shipping goods from China to a queue of 3,700 trucks at the border with Turkey.

Before the war, more than 80% of Iran’s annual exports and imports were carried out via southern ports and the shores of the Persian Gulf. After the U.S. naval blockade, the Islamic Republic has tried to shift part of its foreign trade to land routes; but reports point to higher costs and disruptions along these routes.

Interview with Ahmad Alavi, economist